绪论 虎鲸类型和种群[2/2页]

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    populationnbspofnbsporcasnbspinnbspthenbspnortheastnbspPacificnbspwasnbspdiscoverednbspinnbsp1988，nbspwhennbspanbsphumpbacknbspwhalenbspresearchernbspobservednbspthemnbspinnbspopennbspwater.nbspAsnbsptheirnbspnamenbspsuggests，nbsptheynbsptravelnbspfarnbspfromnbspshorenbspandnbspfeednbspprimarilynbsponnbspschoolingnbspfish.nbspHowever，nbspbecausenbsptheynbsphavenbsplarge，nbspscarrednbspandnbspnickednbspdorsalnbspfinsnbspresemblingnbspthosenbspofnbspmammalhuntingnbsptras，nbspitnbspmaynbspbenbspthatnbsptheynbspalsonbspmammalsnbspandnbspsharks.nbspTheynbsphavenbspmostlynbspbeennbspencounterednbspoffnbspthenbspwestnbspcoastnbspofnbspVancouvernbspIslandnbspandnbspnearnbspHaidanbspGwaii.nbspOffshoresnbsptypicallynbspcatenbspinnbspgroupsnbspofnbsp20–75，nbspwithnbspoccasionalnbspsightingsnbspofnbsplargernbspgroupsnbspofnbspupnbsptonbsp200.nbspLittlenbspisnbspknownnbspaboutnbsptheirnbsphabits，nbspbutnbsptheynbsparenbspgeicallynbspdistinctnbspfromnbspresidentsnbspandnbsptras.nbspOffshoresnbspappearnbsptonbspbenbspsmallernbspthannbspthenbspothers，nbspandnbspfemalesnbsparenbspcharacterizednbspbynbspdorsalnbspfinnbsptipsnbspthatnbsparenbspcontinuouslynbsprounded.
    nbspSeparatenbspfisheatingnbspandnbspmammaleatingnbsporcanbspmunitiesnbspalsonbspoffnbspthenbspcoastnbspofnbspthenbspRussiannbspFarnbspandnbspHokkaido，nbspJapan.nbspRussiannbsporcasnbsparenbspmonlynbspseennbsparoundnbspthenbspKamchatkanbspPeninsulanbspandnbspandernbspIslands.nbspOvernbsp2，000nbspindividualnbspresidentlikenbsporcasnbspandnbsp130nbsptralikenbsporcasnbsphavenbspbeennbspidentifiednbspoffnbspRussia.nbspAtnbspleastnbsp195nbspindividualnbsporcasnbsphavenbspbeennbspcatalogednbspinnbsptheernnbsptropicalnbspPacific，nbsprangingnbspfromnbspBajanbspCalifornianbspandnbspthenbspGulfnbspofnbspCalifornianbspinnbspthenbspnorthnbsptonbspthenbspnorthwestnbspcoastnbspofnbspSouthnbspAmericanbspinnbspthenbspsouthnbspandnbspwestnbsptowardsnbspHawaii.nbspOrcasnbspappearnbsptonbspregularlynbspoccurnbspoffnbspthenbspGalápagosnbspIslands.nbspOrcasnbspsightednbspinnbspHawaiiannbspwatersnbspmaynbspbelongnbsptonbspanbspgreaternbsppopulationnbspinnbspthenbspcentralnbspPacific.
    nbspNorthnbspAtlanticnbspandnbspadjacent
    nbspOrcanbsptailslappingnbspinnbspVestfjorden，nbspNorway
    nbspAtnbspleastnbsp15，000nbspwhalesnbspareimatednbsptonbspinhabitnbspthenbspNorthnbspAtlantic.nbspInnbspthenbspNortheastnbspAtlantic，nbsptwonbsporcaypesnbsphavenbspbeennbspproposed.nbspTypenbsp1nbsporcasnbspconsistnbspofnbspsevennbsphaplotypesnbspandnbspincludenbspherriingnbsporcasnbspofnbspNorwaynbspandnbspIcelandnbspandnbspmackereleatingnbsporcasnbspofnbspthenbspNorthnbspSea，nbspasnbspwellnbspasnbspsealeatingnbsporcasnbspoffnbspNorway.nbspTypenbsp2nbsporcasnbspconsistnbspofnbsptwonbsphaplotypes，nbspandnbspmainlynbspfeednbsponnbspbaleennbspwhales.
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    nbspInnbspthenbspMediterraneannbspSea，nbsporcasnbsparenbspconsiderednbsp“visitors“，nbsplikelynbspfromnbspthenbspNorthnbspAtlantic，nbspandnbspsightingsnbspbeenbsplessnbspfrequentnbspfurther.nbspHowever，nbspanbspsmallnbspyearroundnbsppopulationsnbspinnbspthenbspStraitnbspofnbspGibraltar，nbspwhichnbspnumberednbsparoundnbsp39nbspinnbsp2011.nbspDistinctnbsppopulationsnbspmaynbspalsonbspoffnbspthenbspwestnbspcoastnbspofnbsptropicalnbspAfrica，nbspwhichnbsphavenbspgeneralizednbspdiets.
    nbspThenbspnorthwestnbspAtlanticnbsppopulationnbspisnbspfoundnbspyearroundnbsparoundnbspLabradornbspandnbspNewfoundland，nbspwhilenbspsomenbspindividualsnbspseasonallynbsptravelnbsptonbspthenbspwatersnbspofnbsptheernnbspCanadiannbspArcticnbspwhennbspthenbspicenbsphasnbspmelted.nbspSightingsnbspofnbspthesenbspwhalesnbsphavenbspbeennbspdocumentednbspasnbspfarnbspsouthnbspasnbspCapenbspCodnbspandnbspLongnbspIsland.nbspThisnbsppopulationnbspisnbsppossiblynbspcontinuousnbspwithnbsporcasnbspsightednbspoffnbspGreenland.nbspOrcasnbsparenbspsightednbspyearroundnbspinnbspthenbspCaribbeannbspSea，nbspandnbspanimatednbsp267nbsp(asnbspofnbsp2020)nbspisnbspdocumentednbspinnbspthenbspnorthernnbspGulfnbspofnbspMexico.
    nbspNorthnbspIndiannbspOcean
    nbspOvernbsp50nbspindividualnbspwhalesnbsphavenbspbeennbspcatalogednbspinnbspthenbspnorthernnbspIndiannbspOcean，nbspincludingnbsptwonbspindividualsnbspthatnbspwerenbspsightednbspinnbspthenbspPersiannbspGulfnbspinnbsp2008nbspandnbspoffnbspSrinbspLankanbspinnbsp2015.
    nbspSouthernnbspwaters
    nbspOrcanbspbeachingnbsptonbspcapturenbspseanbsplionnbspatnbspValdesnbspPeninsula
    nbspAnbspsmallnbsppopulationnbspofnbsporcasnbspseasonallynbspvisitsnbspthenbspnorthernnbsppointnbspofnbspthenbspValdesnbspPeninsulanbsponnbspthenbspcoastnbspofnbspArgentinanbspandnbsphuntnbspfornbspseanbsplionsnbspandnbspelephantnbspsealsnbsponnbspthenbspshore，nbsptemporarynbspstrandingnbspthemselves.nbspOffnbspSouthnbspAfrica，nbspanbspdistinctivenbsp“flattooth“nbspmorphotypesnbspandnbsppreysnbsponnbspsharks.nbspAnbsppairnbspofnbspmalenbsporcas，nbspPortnbspandnbspStarboard，nbsphavenbspbeenbspwellnbspknownnbspfornbsphuntingnbspgreatnbspwhitesnbspandnbspothernbspsharksnbspoffnbspthenbspSouthnbspAfricannbspcoast.
    nbspOrcasnbspoccurnbspthroughoutnbspthenbspwatersnbspofnbspAustralia，nbspNewnbspZealandnbspandnbspPapuanbspNewnbspGuinea.nbspTheynbsparenbspsightednbspyearnbsproundnbspinnbspNewnbspZealandnbspwaters，nbspwhilenbspoffnbspAustralia，nbsptheynbsparenbspseasonallynbspcoratednbspoffnbspthenbspnorthwest，nbspinnbspthenbspinshorenbspwatersnbspofnbspNingaloonbspReef，nbspandnbspthenbspsouthwest，nbspatnbspthenbspBremernbspregion.nbspGeicnbspevidencenbspshowsnbspthatnbspthenbsporcasnbspofnbspNewnbspZealand，nbspandnbspnorthwestnbspandnbspsouthwestnbspAustralianbspformnbspthreenbspdistinctnbsppopulations.nbspNewnbspZealandnbsporcasnbspmainlynbsppreynbsponnbspsharksnbspandnbsprays.
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    nbspAntarctic
    nbspAroundnbsp25，000nbsporcasnbspareimatednbsparoundnbspthenbspAntarctic，nbspandnbspfournbsptypesnbsphavenbspbeennbspdocumented.nbspTwonbspdwarfnbspspecies，nbspnamednbspOrcinusnbspnanusnbspandnbspOrcinusnbspglacialis，nbspwerenbspdescribednbspduringnbspthenbsp1980snbspbynbspSovietnbspresearchers，nbspbutnbspmostnbspcetaceannbspresearchersnbsparenbspskepticalnbspaboutnbsptheirnbspstatus，nbspandnbsplinkingnbspthesenbspdirectlynbsptonbspthenbsptypesnbspdescribednbspbelownbspisnbspdifficult.
    nbspSomenbspexamplesnbspofnbspvariationsnbspinnbsporcas
    nbspTypenbspAnbspornbspAntarcticnbsporcasnbsplooknbsplikenbspanbsp“typical“nbsporca，nbspanbsplarge，nbspblackandwhitenbspformnbspwithnbspanbspmediumsizednbspwhitenbspeyenbsppatch，nbsplivingnbspinnbspopennbspwaternbspandnbspfeedingnbspmostlynbsponnbspminkenbspwhales.
    nbspTypenbspB1nbspornbsppacknbspicenbsporcasnbsparenbspsmallernbspthannbsptypenbspA.nbspItnbsphasnbspanbsplargenbspwhitenbspeyenbsppatch.nbspMostnbspofnbspthenbspdarknbsppartsnbspofnbspitsnbspbodynbsparenbspmediumnbspgreynbspinsteadnbspofnbspblack，nbspalthoughnbspitnbsphasnbspanbspdarknbspgreynbsppatchnbspcallednbspanbsp“dorsalnbspcape“nbspstretchingnbspbacknbspfromnbspitsnbspforeheadnbsptonbspjustnbspbehindnbspitsnbspdorsalnbspfin.nbspThenbspwhitenbspareasnbsparenbspstainednbspslightlynbspyellow.nbspItnbspfeedsnbspmostlynbsponnbspseals.nbspTypenbspB1nbsporcanbsparenbspabundantnbspbetweennbspAdelaidenbspIslandnbspandnbspthenbspmainlandnbspAntarcticnbsppeninsula.
    nbspTypenbspB2nbspornbspGerlachenbsporcasnbsparenbspmorphologicallynbspsimilarnbsptonbspTypenbspB1，nbspbutnbspsmaller.nbspThisypenbsphasnbspbeennbsprecordednbspfeedingnbsponnbsppenguinsnbspandnbspseals，nbspandnbspisnbspoftennbspfoundnbspinnbspthenbspGerlachenbspStrait.
    nbspTypenbspCnbspornbspRossnbspSeanbsporcasnbsparenbspthenbspsmallestypenbspandnbsplivenbspinnbsplargernbspgroupsnbspthannbspthenbspothers.nbspItsnbspeyenbsppatchnbspisnbspdistinctivelynbspslantednbspforwards，nbsprathernbspthannbspparallelnbsptonbspthenbspbodynbspaxis.nbspLikenbsptypenbspB，nbspitnbspisnbspprimarilynbspwhitenbspandnbspmediumnbspgrey，nbspwithnbspanbspdarknbspgreynbspdorsalnbspcapenbspandnbspyellowtingednbsppatches.nbspItsnbsponlynbspobservednbsppreynbspisnbspthenbspAntarcticnbspcod.
    nbspTypenbspDnbspornbspSubAntarcticnbsporcasnbspwerenbspfirstnbspidentifiednbspbasednbsponnbspphotographsnbspofnbspanbsp1955nbspmassnbspstrandingnbspinnbspNewnbspZealandnbspandnbspsixnbspatseanbspsightingsnbspsincenbsp2004.nbspThenbspfirstnbspvideonbsprecordnbspofnbspthisnbsptypenbspwasnbspmadenbspinnbsp2014nbspbetweennbspthenbspKerguelennbspandnbspCrozetnbspIslands，nbspandnbspagainnbspinnbsp2017nbspoffnbspthenbspcoastnbspofnbspCapenbspHorn，nbspChile.nbspItnbspisnbsprecognizablenbspbynbspitsnbspsmallnbspwhitenbspeyenbsppatch，nbspnarrowernbspandnbspshorternbspthannbspusualnbspdorsalnbspfin，nbspbulbousnbspheadnbsp(similarnbsptonbspanbsppilotnbspwhale)，nbspandnbspsmallernbspteeth.nbspItsnbspgeographicnbsprangenbspappearsnbsptonbspbenbspcircumglobalnbspinnbspsubAntarcticnbspwatersnbspbetweennbsplatitudesnbsp40°Snbspandnbsp60°S.nbspAlthoughnbspitsnbspdietnbspisnbspnotnbspdetermined，nbspitnbsplikelynbspincludesnbspfish，nbspasnbspdeterminednbspbynbspphotographsnbsparoundnbsplonglinenbspvessels，nbspwherenbspTypenbspDnbsporcasnbspappearednbsptonbspbenbsppreyingnbsponnbspPatagoniannbsptoothfishnbsp(Dissostichusnbspeleginoides).
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    nbspTypesnbspBnbspandnbspCnbsplivenbspclosenbsptonbspthenbspice，nbspandnbspdiatomsnbspinnbspthesenbspwatersnbspmaynbspbenbspresponsiblenbspfornbspthenbspyellowishnbspcnbspofnbspbothnbsptypes.nbspMitochondrialnbspDNAnbspsequencesnbspsupportnbspthenbsptheorynbspthatnbspthesenbsparenbsprecentlynbspdivergednbspseparatenbspspecies.nbspMorenbsprecently，nbsppletenbspmitochondrialnbspsequencingnbspindicatesnbspthenbsptypesnbspBnbspandnbspCnbspbenbsprecognizednbspasnbspdistinctnbspspecies，nbspasnbspshouldnbspthenbspNorthnbspPacificnbsptras，nbspleavingnbspthenbspothersnbspasnbspsubspeciesnbsppendingnbspadditionalnbspdata.nbspAdvancednbspmethodsnbspthatnbspsequencednbsptheirenbspmitochondrialnbspgenomenbsprevealednbspsystematicnbspdifferencesnbspinnbspDNAnbspbetweennbspdifferentnbsppopulations.nbspAnbsp2019nbspstudynbspofnbspTypenbspDnbsporcasnbspalsonbspfoundnbspthemnbsptonbspbenbspdistinctnbspfromnbspothernbsppopulationsnbspandnbsppossiblynbspevennbspanbspuniquenbspspecies.
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绪论 虎鲸类型和种群[2/2页]

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